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Gevra Mines: Asia's largest open cast mine
KORBA
Coal mining in
India
Coal mining in India began in 1774 when John
Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the East India Company commenced commercial
exploitation in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank
of Damodar river. Growth remained slow for nearly
a century due to low demand. The introduction of steam
locomotives in 1853 boosted demand, and coal production rose to
an annual average of 1 million metric tons (1.1 million short tons).
India produced 6.12 million metric tons (6.75 million short tons) of
coal per year by 1900 and 18 million metric tons (20 million short
tons) per year by 1920. Coal production rose steadily over the next few
decades, and was boosted by demand caused by World War I.
Production slumped in the interwar period,
but rose to 30 million metric tons (33 million short tons) by 1946
largely as a result of World War II.
In
the regions of British India known as Bengal, Bihar and Odisha,
the Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas pioneered Indian
involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held
by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries. Seth Khora Ramji Chawda of Sinugra
was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields.
Other Indian communities followed the example of the Kshatriyas in the
Dhanbad-Jharia-Bokaro fields after the 1930s. These included the Punjabis, Kutchis, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Bengalis and Hindustanis.
Following independence, the Government of India
introduced several 5-year development plans. Annual
production rose to 33 million metric tons (36 million short tons) at
the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. The National Coal Development
Corporation (NCDC) was established in 1956 with the aim of increaing coal production
efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry.
The Indira Gandhi administration nationalized
coal mining in phases - coking coal mines in 1971-72 and non-coking coal mines
in 1973. With the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act,
1973, all coal mines in India were nationalized on 1 May 1973. This policy
was reversed by the Narendra Modi administration four decades
later. In March 2015, the government permitted private companies to mine coal
for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. The Coking
Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 and the Coal Mines
(Nationalization) Act, 1973 were repealed on 8 January 2018. In the
final step toward denationalization, on 20 February 2018, the government
permitted private firms to enter the commercial coal mining industry. Under the
new policy, mines will be auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne
price. The move broke the monopoly over commercial mining that
state-owned Coal India has enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.
India
has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world, and is the fourth largest
producer of coal in the world, producing 662.79 million metric tons
(730.60 million short tons) in 2016-17. As on 31 March 2017, India had
315.14 billion metric tons (347.38 billion short tons) of the
resource. The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2017 was
44.70 billion metric tons (49.27 billion short tons). Due to high
demand and poor average quality, India is forced to import high quality coal to
meet the requirements of steel plants. India's coal imports have risen from
49.79 million metric tons (0.05488 billion short tons) in 2007-08 to
190.95 million metric tons (0.21049 billion short tons) in 2016-17.
India's coal exports rose from 1.63 million metric tons (1.80 million
short tons) in 2007-08 to 2.44 million metric tons (2.69 million
short tons) in 2012-13, but subsequently declined to 1.77 million metric
tons (1.95 million short tons) in 2016-17. Dhanbad city is the largest
coal producing city
Nationalisation
of coal mines.
Right
from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been
dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption. India has abundant domestic
reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.[11] On
account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on
systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in Jharia coalfield.
Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country
was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners.
Unscientific
mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor
in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government.
On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to
nationalize the private coal mines. The nationalization was
done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971-72 and then
with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In October, 1971, the Coking Coal Mines
(Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of
the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending
nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization)
Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than
those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron
& Steel Company Limited, were nationalized on May 1, 1972 and
brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a new
Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines
(Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of
India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in
seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971. This was
followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1, 1973 with the enactment
of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which determined the eligibility
of coal mining in India.
Reserves.
India has the fifth largest coal
reserves in the world. As on 31 March 2017, India had 315.14 billion
metric tons (347.38 billion short tons) of the resource. The known
reserves of coal rose 2.05% over the previous year, with the discovery of an
estimated 6.34 billion metric tons (6.99 billion short tons). The
estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2017 was
44.70 billion metric tons (49.27 billion short tons).[18] The
energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived
from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than
energy derived from oil.
Coal deposits are
primarily found in eastern and south-central India. Jharkhand, Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra accounted
for 98.20% of the total known coal reserves in India. As on 31 March 2017,
Jharkhand and Odisha had the largest coal deposits of 26.16% and 24.52%
respectively
StateCoal
Reserves.
(in billion metric tonnes)Type of
CoalfieldJharkhand81.17Gondwana ,Odisha75.90Gondwana,Chhattisgarh56.04Gondwana,West Bengal31.53Gondwana,Madhya Pradesh26.91Gondwana,Telangana21.41Gondwana,Maharashtra11.44Gondwana,Uttar Pradesh1.06Gondwana,Meghalaya0.58Tertiary,Assam0.52Tertiary,Nagaland0.32Tertiary,Bihar0.16Gondwana,Sikkim0.10Gondwana,Arunachal Pradesh0.09TertiaryIndia308.80
Korba Coalfield.
Korba Coalfield is located in Korba district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh in the basin
of the Hasdeo River, a tributary of
the Mahanadi.
Korba Coalfield is located between latitudes 220 15’ N
and 220 30’ N and longitudes 820 15’ E
and 82055 ’ E.[1] Korba
Coalfield covers an area of about 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi).[2][3] According
to Geological Survey of India, total reserves
(including proved, indicated and inferred reserves) of non-coking coal (as on
1.1.2004) in Korba Coalfield was 10,074.77 million tonnes, out of which
7,732.87 was up to a depth of 300 m and 2,341.90 million tonnes was at a depth
of 300–600 m.[4]
Coal
mined at Korba coalfield generally has the following characteristics –
moisture: 4.5–7.4 per cent, volatile matter: 27.9–39.2 per cent, fixed carbon:
34.1–47.7 per cent, ash content: 11.2–31.6 per cent
Though coal has been mined in Korba coalfields since 1941, large
scale production could be initiated only on completion of the Champa-Korba rail
link in 1955.[6] Open cast mining activities
in the Korba Coalfield are now being carried out. Korba Coalfield accounts for
a major portion of coal mined by South Eastern Coalfields Limited. The 2010
production of SECL was 101.15 tonnes, out of which 73.35 tonnes came from Korba
Coalfield.[7]
Sub-areas
of Korba Coalfield are: Korba, Surakachhar, Rajgamar, Manikpur, Dhelwadih,
Kushumunda and Gevra. The major working coalmines are: Surakachhar, Banki,
Balgi, Rajgamar, Pavan, Manikpur, Dhewadih, Singhali, Bagdeva, Kusumunda,
Laxman, Gevra and Dipka
Gevra
Open Cast Mine.
Gevra mine is an open cast mine complex at the
town of Gevra that has been described as the largest open cast mine in India
and Asia, as well as the world's second-largest.[5][8][9][10] As of 2011 it
has a capacity of 35 million tonnes per annum.[11] It was opened
in 1981. During 1999–2000, it produced over 18 million tonnes of coal and
removed 12 million m3of overburden. In 2000, Gevra mine had a plan to expand from
12 million tonnes per annum to 25 million tonnes per annum.[12] Actual
production was raised from 18 million tonnes to 26 million tonnes annually in
3½ years.[13] SECL reported
that on 18 March 2007, Gevra Open Cast Mine produced 100,000 tonnes of coal,[14] the highest
quantity of coal ever produced by any mine or coalfield in India on a single
day.[14][15] Expansion of
capacity of Gevra mine from 35 million tonnes annually to 43.75 million tonnes
annually has been awaiting environmental clearance since 2009
Dipka
Open Cast Mine.
Dipka
Open Cast Mine has an annual capacity of 25 million tones
Kusmunda
Open Cast Mine.
Kusmunda Open Cast Mine has an annual capacity of 10 million
tonnes my name is shikha
Pollution.
In a paper on "Assessment of impact of Coal and Minerals
Related Industrial Activities in Korba Industrial Belt Through Spectroscopic
Technique" by Rajesh Kumar, Gurdeep Singh and Asim Kumar Pal, the authors
highlighted, "Korba Coalfield has been identified as one of the hot spots
and the worst polluted area in India. There is widespread concern of air
pollution due to emission of particulates from various mining and allied
activities."[1]
The
main sources of pollution in the Korba area are coal-based power plants,
smelter and open cast mines at Gevra, Dipka and Kusmunda. Large scale
transportation of coal raises a pollution problem. Amongst steps taken or
underway to check pollution in the area are: widening and repairs of roads in
Gevra, Dipka and Kusmunda mines and procurement of Continuous Ambient Air
Monitoring Stations at Gevra and Dipka mines.
Coal
washeries.
There is a pronounced degree of contamination
in the coal from open cast mines. Such coal often has ash content averaging 40
per cent. Moreover, with multiple sources of supply, the quality is
inconsistent. Even 6–8 per cent reduction in ash improves coal quality
significantly. Coal preparation, or washing as it is commonly referred to, is
both economical and environmentally beneficial.[17] Coal washeries are being established in Korba Coalfields. ACB (India)
had set up a washery at Dipka in 1999, gradually upgrading capacity from 1
million tonnes per annum to 12 million tonnes per annum.[18] The KJSL Coal
Washery at Dhatura in Pali tehsil has an annual capacity of 2 million tones
Power plants.
There are several coal-based thermal power stations in the area consuming coal from Korba Coalfield. Korba Super Thermal Power Plant of NTPC has installed
capacity of 2,600 MW. It gets coal from Gevra and Kusmunda mines.[20] Chhattisgarh
State Power Generation Company Limited has three power stations in the area:
Korba East Thermal Power Station has installed capacity of 440 MW, Dr. Shyama
Prasad Mukherjee Thermal Power Station (Korba East) 500 MW, and Hasdeo Thermal
Power Station (Korba West) 840 MW.[21] The captive
power plant of Balco (BCPP) has an
installed capacity of 270 MW.[22] It is coming
up with a 1,200 MW power expansion projec
This Is A Black Diamond Area In Chhattisgarh Korba
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